the church and asserted the exclusive sovereignty of God with the Lordship of Christ. Officers of the state deserve respect, but do not “fulfil the Church’s vocation, and the Church is not an organ of the State.” Many Lutheran and Reformed pastors signed this confession. It constituted a clear challenge to the claims of Hitler and the Nazis. Later in 1934 Barth was in Rome when he formulated his famous dialogue and disagreement with his Swiss colleague Emil Brunner on natural theology. Barth associated